You say "The problem with contemporary mathematics is that it operates with sets that cannot be represented by finite mechanical generators."
Is this true? I'm not a big mathematician by any means, but I'm quite sure I've heard of infinite sets being used in calculations. Infinite sets like those you describe:
> "At the initial stage of the process produce the number '1'. At each next stage take the number produced at the preceding stage and produce the number obtained by adding '1' to it."
...are fairly common, I believe, in number theory and in many practical uses. I'm not sure what you're saying here that's new, am I missing something?